Prevalence of Myasthenia progression in hepatic encephalopathy syndrome
Keywords:
Myasthenia progression, Hepatic encephalopathy, CirrhosisAbstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a neurological and psychological syndrome related to acute and chronic liver failure especially during cirrhosis, it is associated with over production of ammonia in gastrointestinal tract with failure excretion by the liver in addition to increased free radical and bacterial transmission have played an important role. A symptom of disease includes coma, ophthalmia, irregular sleeping, stress and difficult breathing. It may be develop to intestinal bleeding; reduced blood pressure and electrolyte disturbances. Myasthenia is early symptoms of muscle dystrophies and prevalence of antibodies against acetylcholine receptors, nicotine receptors, tyrosine kinase and low-density lipoprotein proteins thus severely weakening muscles and skeletons have been demonstrated, it is playing important role in myasthenia progressing especially after five years of liver antibodies detection. Recently, the treatment is mainly depending on the reduced intestinal ammonia with non-absorbent disaccha¬rides from intestine and MRI should be used to follow up in addition to newer immunosuppressive drugs such as Rifaxamin, an inhibitor of interleukins and steroids is very important to treat this disease.
References
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[2] Romero-Gómez, M.; Montagnese, S.; Jalan, R.; “Hepatic encephalopathy in patients with acute decompensation of cirrhosis and acuteon- chronic liver failure”; J. Hepatol. 62(2),437-47,2015.
[3] Thomsen, K.; Macnaughtan, J.; Tritto, G.; Mookerjee R.; Jalan, R.; “Clinical and pathophysiological characteristics of cirrhotic patients with grade 1 and minimal hepatic encephalopathy’; PLoS ONE 11(1), e0146076, 2016.
[4] Aldridge, D.; Tranah, E.; Shawcross, D.; “Pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy: role of ammonia and systemic inflammation”; J. Clin. Exp. Hepatol. 5(1), S7–20, 2015.
[5] Wijdicks, E.; “Hepatic encephalopathy”; N. Engl. J. Med. 375(17),1660–70, 2016.
[6] Rackayova, V.; Braissant, O.; McLin, V.; Berset, C.; Lanz, B.; Cudalbu, C.; “1H and 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy in a rat model of chronic hepatic encephalopathy: in vivo longitudinal measurements of brain energy metabolism”; Metab. Brain Dis. 31(6), 1303-14, 2016.
[7] Anna, H.; Natalia, A.; Mohammed, S.; Rajiv, J.; “Hepatic encephalopathy: a critical current review”; Hepatol. Int. 12(1),135-147, 2016.
[8] Olivia, T.; Joshua, M.; Nicola, A.; Mary, M.; Novraj, S.; Simon, D.; “Diagnosing and treating hepatic encephalopathyBritish” Journal of Hospital Medicine 76(11), 646-654, 2015.
[9] McMillin, M.; Frampton, G.; Seiwell, A.; Patel, N.; Jacobs, A.; DeMorrow, S.; “TGFβ1 exacerbates bloodbrain barrier permeability in a mouse model of hepatic encephalopathy via upregulation of MMP9 and downregulation of claudin-5. Lab Invest”; PubMed 95(8), 903-13, 2015.
[10] Sawhney, R.; Jalan, R.; “Liver: the gut is a key target of therapy in hepatic encephalopathy”; Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 12(1), 7-8, 2015.
[11] Victoria, L.;Gurkarminder, S.; Sharon, D.; “Recent advances in hepatic”; F1000 Research 6(7),1637, 2017.
[12] Qutaiba, S.; Marwa, H.; “Influence of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone on Liver Enzymes Levels in Serum of Thyroid Disorder Iraqi Patients”; Al-Nahrain J. Sci. 22 (3), 50-55, 2019.
[13] Faraj, R.; Jawad, A.; Badr, A.; “Effect of Body Mass Index on Abnormal Ovarian Secretion Hormones among Iraqi Women with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)”; Al-Nahrain J. Sci. 22 (1), 40-45, 2019.
[14] Herbert, D.; “Hepatic Encephalopathy In Liver Cirrhosis”,; J. Trans. Inter. Med. 5(1), 64–67, 2017.
[15] Peter F.; “Hepatic encephalopathy”; Gastroenterology Report 5(2), 138–147, 2017.
[16] Herbert, D.; “Hepatic Encephalopathy In Patients In Lviv (Ukraine)”; J. Trans. Inter. Med. 6(3), 146-151, 2018.
[17] Morgan, M.; Amodio, P.; Cook, N.; Jackson, C.; Kircheis, G.; Lauridsen, M.; Montagnese, S.; Schiff, S.; Weissenborn, K.; “Qualifying and quantifying minimal hepatic encephalopathy”; Metab. Brain Dis. 31(6), 1217–1229, 2016.
[18] Weissenborn, K.; “Challenges in diagnosing hepatic encephalopathy”; Neurochem. Res. 40(2), 265–73, 2015.
[19] Montagnese, S.; De-Rui, M.; Angeli, P.; Amodio, P.; “Neuropsychiatric performance in patients with cirrhosis: Who is “normal?”; J. Hepatol. 66(4), 825-35, 2017.
[20] Chen, H.; Chen, R.; Yang, M.; Teng, G.; Herskovits, E.; “Identification of minimal hepatic encephalopathy in patients with cirrhosis based on white matter imaging and Bayesian data mining”; AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol 36(3), 481-7, 2015.
[21] Aneesa, R.; Chowdhury, N.; Marcus, S.; “Disorder Exacerbated by Hepatic Encephalopathy: A Case Report” Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical 7(10), 1669-1671, 2019.
[22] Anna, H.; Rajiv, J.; “Hepatic Encephalopathy: New Treatments”, Clinical Liver Disease 5(5), 109–111, 2015.
[23] Madiha, M.; Habiba, M.; Sami, T.; Adel, K.; “Autoimmune hepatitis-primary biliary cirrhosis: Overlap syndrome concomitant with unexpected myasthenia and thymoma”; Open J. Clin. Diagn. 5(1), 20–3, 2015.
[24] Lindor, K.; Bowlus, C.; Boyer, J.; Levy, C.; Mayo, M.; “Primary biliary cholangitis: 2018 practice guidance from the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases”; Hepatology 69(1), 394-419, 2019.
[25] Slater, C.; “The structure of human neuromuscular junc¬tions: some unanswered molecular questions”; Int. J. Mol. Sci. 18(10), 2183, 2017.
[26] Ankur, J.; Rakesh, K.; “Sarcopenia:Ammonia metabolism and hepatic Encephalopathy” Int. J. Gen. Med. 7, 1-10, 2019.
[27] Vijay, P.; Joshua, M.; Nicolas, M.; Mary, M.; Nicola, A.; Simon, D.; “The why and wherefore of hepatic encephalopathy”; Int. J. Gen. Med. 8, 381–390, 2015.
[28] Sudhir, V.; Sriganesh, K.; “Management of Myasthenia Gravis”; J. Neuroanaesthesiol Crit. Care 6(2),153–159, 2019.
[29] Inga, K.; Ruth, H.; Myasthenia, G.; “Pathogenic Effects of Autoantibodies on Neuromuscular Architecture Cells” 8, 671, 2019.
[30] Gautam, R.; “Overlap Syndrome and Myasthenia Gravis” 2019.
[31] Nardelli, S.; Ridola, L.; Gioia, S.; Riggio, O.; “Management of Hepatic Encephalopathy Not-Responsive to First-Line Treatments”; Curr. Treat. Options Gastroenterol 16(2), 253-259, 2018.
[32] Nardelli, S.; Allampati, S.; Riggio, O.; Mullen, K.; Prakash, R.; Gioia, S.; Unser, A.; White, M.; Fagan, A.; Wade, J.; Farcomeni, A.; Gavis, E.; Bajaj, J.; “Hepatic Encephalopathy Associated with Persistent Learning Impairments Despite Adequate Medical Treatment: A Multicenter”, Int. Study. Dig. Dis. Sci. 62, 794-800, 2017.
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2020-03-04
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Prevalence of Myasthenia Progression in Hepatic Encephalopathy Syndrome. ANJS 2020, 23 (1), 7-12.
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