Impact of Benzo[a]Pyrene Exposure on Thyroid Gland of Individuals Workers In Oil Refining

Authors

  • Sara J. Kadhim Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Al-Nahrain University, Jadriya, Baghdad, Iraq.
  • Alaa Hussein J. Alqaisi Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Al-Nahrain University, Jadriya, Baghdad, Iraq.
  • Salam Mohammed Department of Chemical and Petrochemical Engineering, College of Engineering and Architecture, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman.

Keywords:

Benzo[a]pyrene, Oil refining, Thyroid hormones, TRAb

Abstract

Benzo[a]pyrene is very well known as a toxic substance. Exposure to several types of serious toxic impacts is associated with all individuals. This research determined the Benzo[a] pyrene level in the OR employees because they are subjected to pollutants all the time. For that reason, the Benzo[a]pyrene concentration was quantified in specimens of blood obtained from 70 occupationally exposed people (Polluted Group) and 70 persons (Control Group). Additionally, they evaluated the effects of Benzo[a]pyrene on thyroid function (TF). The findings showed that PG people had considerably greater blood benzo[a]pyrene levels (P<0.05) than CG persons. TSH and TT3 level differences between the PG and CG weren't significant in terms of statistics (P>0.05). TT4 and TRAb levels, however, were considerably greater in the PG than in the CG. The research found that levels of thyroid hormones (THs) are affected by long-term exposure to petroleum fuels, with higher [TR-Ab] in the PGs group than in the CGs.

References

[1] Rafiee, A.; Hoseini, M.; Akbari, S.; Mahabee-Gittens, E.M.; "Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and adverse reproductive outcomes in women: current status and future perspectives". Rev. Environ. Health. 39(2): 305-311, 2024.

[2] Mallah, M.A.; Changxing, L.; Mallah, M.A.; Noreen, S.; Liu, Y.; Saeed, M.; Xi, H.; Ahmed, B.; Feng, F.; Mirjat, A.A.; Wang, W.; "Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and its effects on human health: An overview". Chemosphere. 296: 133948, 2022.

[3] Hayakawa, K.; "Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Vegetation Burning and Health Effects". Global Environ. Res. 27(1): 13-20, 2024.

[4] Malhat, F.; Loutfy, N.; El Menyawi, M.A.I.; Ahmed, M.T.; "Review of contamination by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Egyptian aquatic environment". Polycycl. Aromat. Compd. 41(7): 1447-1458, 2021.

[5] Ji, J.; Jiang, M.; Zhang, Y.; Hou, J.; Sun, S.; "Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons contamination in edible oils: A review". Food Rev. Int. 39(9): 6977-7003, 2023.

[6] Falih, K.T.; Mohd Razali, S.F.; Abdul Maulud, K.N.; Abd Rahman, N.; Abba, S.I.; Yaseen, Z.M.; "Assessment of petroleum contamination in soil, water, and atmosphere: a comprehensive review". Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1-30, 2024.

[7] Tarafdar, A.; Sinha, A.; "Public health risk assessment with bioaccessibility considerations for soil PAHs at oil refinery vicinity areas in India". Sci. Total Environ. 616: 1477-1484, 2018.

[8] Mokhtarzadeh, Z.; Keshavarzi, B.; Moore, F.; Marsan, F.A.; Padoan, E.; "Potentially toxic elements in the Middle East oldest oil refinery zone soils: source apportionment, speciation, bioaccessibility and human health risk assessment". Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 27: 40573-40591, 2020.

[9] Odum, J.; "Disrupters of thyroid hormone action and synthesis". In Endocrine disruption and human health, 2nd ed.; Independent Consultant, Cheshire, United Kingdom, 105-126, Academic Press, 2022.

[10] Rurale, G.; Gentile, I.; Carbonero, C.; Persani, L.; Marelli, F.; "Short-term exposure effects of the environmental endocrine disruptor benzo (a) pyrene on thyroid axis function in zebrafish". Int. J. Mol. Sci. 23(10): 5833, 2022.

[11] Movahedinia, A.; Negin, S.; Parvin, K.; "Effects of the environmental endocrine disrupting compound benzo [a] pyrene on thyroidal status of abu mullet (Liza abu) during short-term exposure". Toxicol. Rep. 5: 377-382, 2028.

[12] Li Fang, L.F.; Xiang BinBin, X.B.; Jin Yan, J.Y.; Li Chao, L.C.; Ren SongLei, R.S.; Wu YongNing, W.Y.; Li JingGuang, L.J.; Luo Qian, L.Q.; "Hepatotoxic effects of inhalation exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on lipid metabolism of C57BL/6 mice". Environ. Int. 134: 105000, 2020.

[13] Almutairi, M.S.; "Determination of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) in weathered oil contaminated soil". Environ. Eng. Res. 27(5): 210324, 2022.

[14] Dytłow, S.; Karasiński, J.; Torres-Elguera, J.C.; "Baseline concentrations and quantitative health risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in relation to particle grain size in street dust of Warsaw Poland". Environ. Geochem. Health 47(1): 1-21, 2025.

[15] Patel, A.B.; Shaikh, S.; Jain, K.R.; Desai, C.; Madamwar, D.; "Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: sources, toxicity, and remediation approaches". Front. Microbiol. 11: 562813, 2020.

[16] Corinti, D.; Chiavarino, B.; Spano, M.; Tintaru, A.; Fornarini, S.; Crestoni, M.E.; "Molecular basis for the remarkably different gas-phase behavior of deprotonated thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and reverse triiodothyronine (rT3): a clue for their discrimination?". Anal. Chem. 93(44): 14869-14877, 2021.

[17] Jena, A.B.; Rath, S.; Subudhi, U.; Dandapat, J.; "Molecular interaction of benzo-a-pyrene inhibits the catalytic activity of catalase: Insights from biophysical and computational studies". J. Mol. Struct. 1265: 133494, 2022.

[18] Olabanji, I.O.; Asubiojo, O.I.; Komolafe, M.A.; Akintomide, A.; Adeniji, A.O.; "Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in blood plasma of neurology patients". J. Toxicol. Environ. Health Sci. 11(1): 1-8, 2019.

[19] Al-Rubaye, A.H.; Jasim, D.J.; Jassam, S.A.; Jasim, H.M.; Ameen, H.F.M.; Al-Robai, H.A.; "The Side Effect of Oil Refineries on Environment: As a mini-Review". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1262(2): 022024, IOP Publishing, 2023.

[20] Khatatbeh, M.; Alzoubi, K.; Khabour, O.; Al-Delaimy, W.; "Adverse health impacts of living near an oil refinery in Jordan". Environ. Health Insights 14: 1178630220985794, 2020.

[21] Kuppusamy, S.; Maddela, N.R.; Megharaj, M.; Venkateswarlu, K.; "Impact of total petroleum hydrocarbons on human health". In: Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons. Springer, Cham. 139-165, 2020.

[22] Habeeb, E.; Aldosari, S.; Saghir, S.A.; Cheema, M.; Momenah, T.; Husain, K.; Omidi, Y.; Rizvi, S.A.; Akram, M.; Ansari, R.A.; "Role of environmental toxicants in the development of hypertensive and cardiovascular disease". Toxicol. Rep. 9: 521-533, 2022.

[23] Kakavandi, B.; Rafiemanesh, H.; Giannakis, S.; Beheshtaeen, F.; Samoili, S.; Hashemi, M.; Abdi, F.; "Establishing the relationship between Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) exposure and male infertility: A systematic review". Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 250: 114485, 2023.

[24] Jain, A.; Katiyar, K.; Kumar, V.; Sahu, A.; Mishra, V.; "Potential of microbes for the bioremediation of heavy metal–contaminated soil". Integrative Strategies for Bioremediation of Environmental Contaminants 2: 317-346, 2023.

[25] Efriza, E.; Alshahrani, S.H.; Zekiy, A.O.; Al-Awsi, G.R.L.; Sharma, S.K.; Ramírez-Coronel, A.A.; Shakeel, N.; Riadi, Y.; Aminov, Z.; Zabibah, R.S.; Mustafa, Y.F.; "Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and liver function: a systematic review of observational studies". Air Qual. Atmos. Health. 16(5): 1079-1088, 2023.

[26] Majeed, L.S.; Sabah, F.S.; "The potential impact of oil pollution on Thyroid and Parathyroid Hormones in directly exposed workers in Al-Shaiba oil refinery". J. Kufa Chem. Sci. 3(2): 113-128, 2024.

[27] Al-Hulfi, R.A.; Al Salem, B.A.; Al-Naiema, I.M.; "The Effect of Air Pollutants on liver Enzymes and Pituitary Gland Hormones of Smokers and non-smokers of Oil Refinery and Gas Station Workers in Basra/Iraq". Indian J. Forensic Med. Toxicol. 16(3): 297-301, 2022.

[28] Ryabukha, O.I.; Fedorenko, V.I.; "Environmental determinants of thyroid pathology". Медичні перспективи 26(3): 169-178, 2021.

[29] Mohammed, K.J.; Abdulhadi, M.A.; Hadi, M.M.; Majeed, A.L.; "Assessment of Certain Biochemical Parameters Among Petrol Station Workers in South Babylon City, Iraq". HIV Nursing 23(2): 1086-1091, 2023.

[30] Sutuyeva, L.; Shalakhmetova, T.M.; Trudeau, V.; "Histological structure of thyroid gland and level of thyroid hormones in tadpoles exposed to oil and petroleum products". Int. J. Biol. Chem. 13(1): 24-32, 2020.

[31] Fiore, M.; Oliveri Conti, G.; Caltabiano, R.; Buffone, A.; Zuccarello, P.; Cormaci, L.; Cannizzaro, M.A.; Ferrante, M.; "Role of emerging environmental risk factors in thyroid cancer: a brief review". Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 16(7): 1185, 2019.

[32] Zaccarelli-Marino, M.A.; Alessi, R.; Balderi, T.Z.; Martins, M.A.G.; "Association between the occurrence of primary hypothyroidism and the exposure of the population near to industrial pollutants in São Paulo State, Brazil". Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 16(18): 3464, 2019.

[33] Sun, J.; Lin, J.; Shen, W.; Ding, P.; Yang, W.; Huang, L.; Chen, H.; "Associations of body mass index, waist circumference and the weight‐adjusted waist index with daily living ability impairment in older Chinese people: A cross‐sectional study of the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey". Diabetes Obes. Metab. 26(9): 4069-4077, 2024.

Downloads

Published

2025-09-16

Issue

Vol. 28 No. 3 (2025): September 2025

Section

Mathematics

License

Copyright (c) 2025 Sara J. Kadhim, Alaa Hussein J. Alqaisi, Salam Mohammed

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

How to Cite

(1)
J. Kadhim, S. .; Hussein J. Alqaisi, A. .; Mohammed, S. . Impact of Benzo[a]Pyrene Exposure on Thyroid Gland of Individuals Workers In Oil Refining. Al-Nahrain J. Sci. 2025, 28 (3), 17-22.